An Online Chemistry Course For Beginners

An Online Chemistry Course For BeginnersOnline Chemistry courses are rapidly gaining popularity and are quickly becoming the most popular means to go on an educational path. What many people don't realize is that a degree in chemistry has been around for over a century and yet, our young generation seems to lack the ability to grasp what this discipline is all about. Fortunately, there are plenty of online schools that provide chemistry degrees as a degree or certificate program.This form of the educational process has had its ups and downs throughout the years. You see, the education system was developed and promoted during an age where mankind's efforts were focused on discovering and developing new medications. However, things have changed since then and now it is important to pay attention to the concepts, principles, and processes that go into learning the theory behind chemistry.When you take this type of course, you will be learning a lot more than just getting into the scienc e of chemistry. You will also learn how the sciences surrounding it operates and this knowledge can be used for a number of purposes. For example, if you want to apply this knowledge for business, you will find that there are plenty of jobs out there that require this specific type of education. You will also find that there are a wide variety of careers that these concepts can be applied to.In addition to the courses that are involved with the actual application of the concepts, a person can also find a plethora of ways to use these principles for educational opportunities. The problem that many people face when they are in high school and entering college is that they lack any type of chemistry experience. Luckily, online universities are here to help. These institutions provide their students with not only a chemistry degree but a broad range of other courses that they can use to supplement their education.Since you are reading this article, you probably already know what type of chemistry degree you want and now you need to decide whether you are going to enroll in a program that is accredited or aspecific program that isn't. If you decide to get a traditional degree, your major will be determined by the institution that you choose to attend. It may also determine what course you will take and what coursework you need to take.One of the most common questions that people have is what the difference is between a college and university that offer online programs. The short answer is that the two are very similar, although the term 'university' can mean a lot of different things. If you don't already know what it means, a university is a place where you go to study to become educated.There are several advantages to attending an online university. One of the biggest benefits is that the student does not have to pay anything towards tuition. They also do not have to provide a room and board for the duration of the semester because they are only paying for the co urse.Once you have made the decision to go on an online chemistry course, make sure that you do your research well. The type of education that you are looking for is usually found in a traditional college or university. While you can always decide to take the convenience of home college courses, you may be missing out on some opportunities that would make the whole experience worthwhile.

Escola Americana do Rio de Janeiro

Escola Americana do Rio de Janeiro Escola Americana do Rio de Janeiro Established in 1937, Escola Americana do Rio de Janeiro is a non-profit, non-denominational educational institution and one of Latin Americas most respected international schools. Offering an American curriculum to students in Preschool through Grade 12, EARJ currently enrolls approximately 1,100 students. EARJ is a twin-campus school. The Gavea campus is situated on a 12-acre campus within the Tijuca Forest and surrounded by stunning mountain and ocean views. Designed to meet the needs of the gropwing population in Barra de Tijuca, the Barra campus is located to the south of the city in a modern purpose built facilty. EARJ offers three distinct courses of study: anAmerican High School diploma (accredited by AdvancED), the IB Diploma, andthe Brazilian diploma, (Ensinio Medio( for those students who qualify. All classes are taught in English, with the exception of the Brazilian Diploma program requirements and Spanish and French foreign language courses. View our Brochure View our Brochure

What Does General Chemistry Entail?

What Does General Chemistry Entail?The world of chemistry has its own famous scientist called the chemist, who does not only study the atoms of an element, but also the chemical reactions that take place between the elements. To be more precise, there are three major divisions in the study of chemistry: atomic or molecular chemistry, which is the study of atoms and molecules, which is the study of what goes on in the interiors of the atoms and molecules; the chemistry of the solids, including the physics of solids, which deals with the interactions that take place between the solid and the molecules; and the chemistry of liquids, which deals with the interactions between the two types of materials.Chemists consider it one of the most important branches of chemistry, as their techniques were basically the same for all other branches of science: experimentation and observation. They collected and studied substances that they found out from nature - all the different elements. In many c ases, they succeeded in creating compounds which had properties similar to those of the elements.Another branch of chemistry is molecular chemistry, where the scientists study the molecular structure of the elements and other molecules. This branch of chemistry was basically a continuation of the original chemistry, where they studied the properties of the elements through the observation of the elements' chemical bonding. This is the branch of chemistry that deals with the properties of the elements together with the properties of the bonds between these elements. It provides an important tool for the understanding of various chemical reactions and enables the scientist to see how all these elements react when they come in contact with each other.Chemistry also deals with the thermodynamics of the elements. This branch of chemistry is basically the study of chemical processes that take place under an external environment, and sometimes in an internal environment. It is important fo r the physicists to understand this branch of chemistry, as they use it to predict what will happen under the presence of different elements. General chemistry is essentially a branch of physics, in which this branch of physics explains the bonds between all elements and is responsible for the predictions of the reactions that take place.The last major branch of chemistry is the mathematics of chemistry. The mathematicians have been using mathematics to study chemical reactions since the earliest times. There are several mathematical models of chemical reactions that are used to analyze chemical reactions and understand how the different elements and molecules are attracted to each other and repel each other. As it has been known since the time of the ancient Greeks, an electron is like a point, and an atom is a kind of point that can absorb a number of electrons and then release them in another direction.In addition to chemistry, there are other branches of mathematics such as calc ulus, which deal with the relationships among numbers and geometry, and Algebra, which deal with the relationships among all these different branches of mathematics. The idea of science does not really mean that everything has to be scientifically proven. It is important to know the scientific world view, as this can make a difference between a good scientist and a bad scientist. One must always be careful when dealing with information that may prove inaccurate and might damage the reputation of an individual or an organization.The basic divisions of chemistry are the chemical bonds and the chemical elements. It has been widely used for many years in the study of the elements and its chemical bonds, which could be used in the study of the behavior of the elements in different types of materials, and so on.

How to Learn Chemistry With a Molecular Approach PDF

How to Learn Chemistry With a Molecular Approach PDFMost students who learn Chemistry understand the concept of acid-base mixtures, but struggle with concepts related to Liquid and gaseous state. So if you are also one of them, here are some interesting possibilities that Chemical Abstracts has developed a Molecular Approach PDF. The lessons are easy to understand for those who have a problem understanding the physics or reading abstracts.It's a PDF that will teach you how to create your own alchemy theories from the abstracts. A PDF is a computer program that you download from the internet. It contains all the math and other information needed to be able to write your own chemistry theories. For example, you can read about the reaction of Hydrogen to give Acetone. All you need to do is learn how to transform the Abstract to be able to make the Abstract into a digital solution.There are different levels of the Molecular Approach. The first level teaches you to learn how to create the exact compound that you need to make the substance. The second level will guide you to actually produce the chemical from a lab. You may be a little scared at first, but you will be surprised at how easy it is to learn chemistry!You can download the PDF and study the abstracts online. This allows you to prepare for the actual lab because you will be able to compare your work with the other's. It also allows you to check your results since you can see what you are doing on your workbench.The Abstracts are very important for a science student, so don't just look at the abstract but read it too. Also take note of the implications of the abstracts have, this will help you when you go to college!It's also a great idea to get a printed copy of the Molecular Approach PDF. Get a printed copy and set it up on your desktop so you can learn with ease! It's one way to learn and you will be amazed at the technology that you have. If you want to learn at home you could always buy a book.Abstract s are important for Chemistry. Look for a Molecular Approach PDF and start your journey in Chemistry!

Algebra Help - Absolute Value

Algebra Help - Absolute Value Absolute value is the numerical value irrespective of the sign. If we consider a number line, it is the distance on a number line without considering the direction. Absolute value of -2 is 2. NOTE: An absolute value function is differentiable everywhere except at 0 In the interval (-,0] the absolute value function is monotonically decreasing where as in the interval [0, ) it is monotonically increasing. It is an even function because a positive and negative number has the same absolute value. Example: abs (-4) or | -4| is 4 1) abs(29) is (a) 29(b) -29(c) 0(d) undefined Answer: a 2) |6 9| and |9 6| (a) 3 and -3 (b) -3 and 3(c) -3 and -3(d) 3 and 3 Answer: d 3) |-3 x 7| and - |-12| (a) 21 and 12(b) -21 and -12 (c) -12 and 12(d) 21 and -12 Answer: d 4) abs(0) (a) Neither negative nor positive(b) 0 (c) Undefined(d) Either positive or negative Answer: b 5) Place the correct inequality |- 9|---------- |-12| (a) (b) =(c) (d) = Answer: c

Ancient Civilisations

Ancient Civilisations Taking a Look at the Earliest Civilisations ChaptersMesopotamia: a Land of FirstsAncient Greeks: in Pursuit of Human PerfectionThe Inca: Masters of PoliticsAboriginal Australia: Visiting the Stone AgeThe Mayan: Mathematical GeniusAncient Egypt: the Preeminent CivilisationThe Aztec: Master AgrariansWhen people think of ancient worlds, Egypt, Greece and Rome come quickly to mind. There are more...Humanoids have been wandering around the planet for nearly 2 million years.Our branch of the hominid tree, Homo Sapiens, has only been around for about 300,000 years but we learned from our ancestors how to make and use tools.You might wonder what that has to do with anything...While it is true that many animals use tools, only human build or create ever more complex tools, meaning that the capacity to visualise is much greater in humans than in other species.And, if we can visualise, then we can entertain complex ideas â€" of leadership and power, and ponder philosophical questions which lead us to establish religions.To draw ourselves inwards, to make use of our ability to think, we must assure ourselves of physical security: enough to eat, some sort of shelter and making sure we’re safe from predators.Very early humans realised there is safety in numbers. Clans banded together to hunt and forage, but it was not until they mastered the ability to grow food that they settled in one place.Once they did, most societies built a stronghold to live in, established a system of laws and government, designated hierarchies â€" leader, preacher, merchant and so on.They created myths to explain their purpose and origins and turned their eyes to the heavens, attempting to unravel the mysteries of the stars. They fought anyone who would attempt to encroach on the lives they’d made for themselves.And, in turn, they fought to secure more resources for their tribe.Are all tribes created equal? What distinguishes a culture from a civilisation?The following are characteristics that define a civilisation:Large cities: establish ed settlements, complete with infrastructure â€" roads, water and public buildingsSignificant architecture: churches, temples and so forthComplex institutions: government, education, peacekeeping and religionforeign trade may also be counted as such an institutionSpecialised workers: tradesmen and merchants, farmers, teachers...such workers would provide social stratification, another indicator of civilisationA written languageTechnologyNow, we will look at seven ancient peoples; measure their accomplishments and examine their legacy to determine if they were indeed civilisations or only impactful societies.Dust off your archaeologist’s toolkit and come along! MarkHistory Teacher 5.00 (3) £25/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors JohnHistory Teacher 5.00 (8) £30/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors MarjotteHistory Teacher 5.00 (4) £35/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ErinHistory Teacher £15/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ChantelleHistory Teacher 5. 00 (2) £17/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors AndriyHistory Teacher £25/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors PeterHistory Teacher £40/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors SerenaHistory Teacher £15/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutorsMesopotamia: a Land of Firsts The Sumerians gave us our first writing system as well as a treasure trove of art to study Image by Mariusz Matuszewski from PixabayNestled between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, this land has been dubbed the Fertile Crescent â€" both for its abundant water supply and for its rich soil.Most of the major settlements hugged the east bank of the Tigris. The stretch of land between that river and the Zagros mountains proved especially benevolent; soon great cities sprang up.There was squabbling over land, crops and cattle. Often, each side would enlist representatives from a city that was not involved in the fight; thus alliances were born. Those cities would then establish relations that involved trade, cultural exchange and diplomacy.Inevitably, one tribe conquered the entire region, thus establishing an empire. Once a central government had been established, they would go on to acquire other lands.Mesopotamia was ruled in turn by emperors, kings and dynasties.After the Akkadian Empi re fell, Mesopotamia accommodated two empires: the Assyrians to the north and the Babylonians to the south.What permitted the Babylonian Empire to thrive was the ingenious way they devised to irrigate their more arid lands and drain their mudflats.In fact, it is now thought that the screw pump formerly attributed to Archimedes was being used to water the Hanging Gardens of Babylon!Technological achievements of Mesopotamians are remarkable.Not only did they discover how to control water but they invented ploughs to work their land, musical instruments and a counting system â€" base 60, or sexagesimal.We still use the Sumerian numeral system to mark our seconds, minutes and hours.They also invented cuneiform, one of the earliest writing systems. It was in this form of writing that King Ur-Nammu left us his legacy: the world’s oldest, most complete legal code.Actually, it might not have been him that wrote it. Scribes were responsible for writing and maintaining records â€" a positio n that elevated them above merchants and soldiers in the social hierarchy.In Mesopotamia, we found social stratification, complex institutions, large cities with significant architecture â€" even today, their temples and ziggurats stand. We also found specialised workers, written language and technology.All of that qualifies Mesopotamia as one of the first human civilisations.Ancient Greeks: in Pursuit of Human PerfectionIf you know anything about world civilizations or history, you surely know that the Ancient Greeks let nothing stand in their way of... not just survival but of advancing their culture, come what may.Archaeological finds date human presence in the area we know as Greece to the Paleolithic age; a time that ended 10,000 years ago.In the Aegean Sea, the Cycladic islands were so favoured as trade route stopovers that, in the 3rd millennium BC, their culture flourished as a civilisation in its own right.Meanwhile, on the island of Crete, the Minoan civilisation â€" some say the first advanced European civilization, was busily trading with everyone in the Mediterranean, Aegean and Ionian seas.With these trade relations necessarily came cultural exporting â€" finding a common language, currencies to trade with and, inevitably other elements such as music, foods and stories.The Cycladic civilization did not wane so much as become subsumed by the Minoan culture.The Minoans, with their advanced technologies (indoor plumbing!) and more concretely established religion incorporated the positive elements of the Cycladians while providing desirable aspects of civilization to the island dwellers.Why the Minoan civilization declined is unclear: did the Santorini (A.K.A Thera) eruption wipe them all out or were they invaded and conquered?The evidence shows remnants of Minoan life above the layer of volcanic debris, suggesting that invasion was the most likely end of the Minoans.The Myceneans built the first advanced civilization on mainland Greece; they are kno wn for many things, among them a palace-centred system of ruling that is well outlined in the writings they created.These writings detail, among other facets of their society, early installations in the Greek pantheon of gods.This society waned, revived and ultimately fell when the Dorians invaded, bringing on the Greek Dark Ages â€" a time when people scattered across the land, forming small farming communities.The indomitable might and spirit of the Greek refused to be suppressed.Coming together again, emerging from the Dark Ages to reform their cities and societies, Greek civilization once again rose, this time disseminating their culture far and wide.From the Mediterranean to Anatolia, the Greek civilization was touted as the most advanced. The parthenon, Athena's temple, is one of ancient Greek civilisation's most renown monuments. Image by Nonbirinoko on PixabayThe Inca: Masters of PoliticsUnlike the Sumerian and Greek, the Inca did not develop a writing system, as such.Today, scholars believe that quipus, an assemblage of knotted strings, served both as recordkeeping and communications devices. The work of deciphering quipus is ongoing; so far, what they have to say eludes us.What we understand of life in Incan civilization comes from depictions on pottery and from Spanish records.Sadly, what might have been magnificent art forged in precious metals was melted down by the Spanish. They then sent all of the Incan gold and silver to Spain.Upon arrival at Inca lands, the Spaniards were surprised to find everyone purposefully engaged in various tasks; there were no beggars, idlers or drunkards to be found.They learned that the Incan system was to keep everybody busy serving the empire in whichever capacity their societal status and abilities permitted. They enforced this system of duty through effective politics and by encouraging people to report idleness.Family was very important to the Inca, so too were children â€" a fact that made their high infant mortality rate especially painful.Before a child could be considered a true part of the family, s/he would be called ‘wawa’ or ‘baby’ for the first few years of life.Once it was determined that the child would continue to live, a ceremony called ‘rutuchikuy’ took place to formally welcome it into the family.Their gender would be recognised and s/he would be given a name. Oddly enough, the ceremony entailed having their hair dispersed throughout the family, one lock per member.For all that the Inca were advanced in the medical field â€" they were among the first to perform brain surgery, and use anaesthetics, they could do little to stave off either the diseases that the Spaniards brought or the causes of their babies dying.What intact po ttery remains, along with the amazing structures they built â€" roads, aqueducts and, of course, Machu Picchu is all we have left of the Incas.They did indeed build an empire and the only criterion they were missing to qualify as a civilisation is a written language.But, as archaeologists learn more about their recordkeeping devices, their quipus, we may discover from their coded messages that they were more sophisticated than previously thought.Should that prove to be true, that would make that country’s first inhabitants the first human sea goers.However they arrived, evidence of human activity has been found that dates back at least 65,000 years.No written records exist of life in Australia prior to British colonization because early Australians did not establish any form of written communication.They did sometimes communicate with other groups through a message stick: a piece of wood about 30 centimetres long, onto which marks would be etched â€" a crude form of writing but, b y definition, not a written language.For millennia, indigenous Australians lived as one with the land. Their belief systems did not give them stewardship of it; still, they saw it as their duty to take good care of both the land and its inhabitants.It might have been for that reason that they never established any cities; perhaps intuiting that doing so would scar their land.  That theory would explain their outrage over the British building colonies.On the other hand, the fact that they were hunter-gatherers probably had a lot to do with why they never stayed in one place too long, too.Perhaps their most remarkable accomplishment was mastering the use of fire; early Australians were assiduous fire farmers.They would regularly ‘fire’ the undergrowth in their jungle to encourage diversity in their food plants. Fire was also used to drive game and ward off dangerous creatures such as poisonous insects and snakes.For all of their harmony with the land, there was violence â€" agains t other tribes and against women and children within the tribes.As cliché as it sounds, the boomerang was their weapon of choice during inter-tribal conflict although stone-tipped spears worked better at close quarters.The aboriginal Australians did not develop a system for writing their languages, nor did they establish any cities, governments or other major institutions.Although females were generally seen as less than males â€" a type of social ranking, there were no specialised workers or leaders to provide social stratification and there was certainly no architecture.For all that they are remarkable, under these criteria, early Australian societies were not a civilisation. Uluru, also known as Ayer's Rock hold special spiritual significance for indigenous Australians Image by Wallula from PixabayThe Mayan: Mathematical GeniusIf any civilisation qualifies for the title, it would have to be the Mayans.Brutal and bloodthirsty though they were, they nevertheless created complex societies with a distinct hierarchy, they most certainly created magnificent architecture and large cities and they made ample use of technology.Upon discovering the glyphs that adorned Mayan buildings, statues and pottery, archaeologists thought they were not much more than elaborate doodles until 1952, when Russian linguist Yuri Knorosov deciphered them.At the time, credibility in anything Russian was strained due to the Cold War. Besides, ‘mainstream’ archaeologists thought the symbols were commemorations; more like tributes to gods.It wasn’t until Tatiana Proskouriakoff, a prominent Mayanist, discovered a glyph at the base of a temple that included three dates, two of whic h had an accompanying symbol.She realised that these dates corresponded with the birth and ascension of the king that was buried there, and the date of his death.The world collectively gasped at the realisation that Mayans were not a peaceful, religious, learned people but quite brutal and bloodthirsty.Much to the relief of scholars, the Mayan’s long history, once thought virtually destroyed save for Spanish recountings of it, lies completely exposed on virtually every lintel, stelae and temple for all to see; it needed only interpretation.The Mayans had been writing since the third century BC and they were not shy about reporting on their military conquests and their disposal of prisoners.Imagine how much more we could have learned had the Spanish bishop not burned all but four of their books...Ancient Egypt: the Preeminent CivilisationPicture the scene: you and your tribe have been walking north for days. You come from the central region of Africa and you have been following the river. It is getting larger, more powerful and the further you walk, the greener the land gets.Food here is abundant; plenty of beasts to hunt and lots of vegetation. Your tribe decides to stay in spite of other tribes scattered about; after all, there is plenty here for everyone.Far be it for us to say that is how the ancient Egyptian civilization got started but the truth can’t be too far off.As early as 5,000 years ago, individual colonies were established up and down the Nile, each one making their own advances in creating tools and possibly establishing trade with neighbouring tribes... or fighting. Or both.Along comes Menes who, through a combination of diplomacy and war, unites the two halves of Egypt; the Red land in the Delta and the White land to the south.He founds Memphis right on the border of the two realms, calls it the capital and proclaims himself king.  So begins nearly 3,000 years of dynastic rule of Egypt.Like so many ancient civilizations, progression to esta blished cities with functioning governments was not linear: it did not go from barren outpost to a just society with laws and institutions without pitfalls.Three times in this country’s long history, social, political and military upheaval caused the collapse of civilisation; each time, it was built anew.Some kings were so arrogant they raided the coffers to establish their legacy, others were so pious they rejected all gods in favour of only one. Some kings were too young to rule; their mothers functioned as regents until they reached a proper level of maturity.And one king was happy to let his mother rule until her death.The papyrus and the pyramids; the paintings and the statues have much to inform on; the civilisation of ancient Egypt is just waiting for you to discover it... The Sphinx and the pyramids are immediately recognisable symbols of Egypt Image by Marcin Chuc from PixabayThe Aztec: Master AgrariansThe Aztec civilisation is known for many things, among them the brutality of their warfare and the ruthlessness of their sacrificial offerings.Aspects of their short-lived dominion that seem to pale in comparison to the amount of blood they spilt include their treatment of women, their educational mandates, and their amazing floating gardens.The people initially known as the Mexica presumably migrated from North America; no one is really sure.However, one fact stands out: they were one of the last of the nomadic tribes to arrive in Mesoamerica. For that, they suffered the indignity of having to ask for a parcel of land to settle on.Was it cunning political manoeuvering that led them to beseech the king for favours time and again? Or did their seeming arrogance develop later â€" as their city, population and reputation grew?Because surely, it was more t han a bit of bluster that led them to subjugate first the king’s foes and then, after a horrible event that caused the king to drive the Aztecs from the land he had granted them, to dominate the tribes around their city.Well, that’s not quite true.Once the Aztec spotted what they thought was a divine sign that they had arrived at the land they were destined to occupy, they set about building a city to rival all others in Mesoamerica.Never mind that the land they felt destined to occupy was an island in the middle of a lake; the clever Aztec only saw opportunity.They soon got to work building magnificent temples, a royal palace and public buildings: government offices, schools and mercantile.Because they only had so much land â€" remember, they lived on an island, they engineered an ingenious solution to their agricultural woes.Because their society was so complex, they also devised an elaborate writing system to record official transactions as well as events in their daily lives .Every Aztec learned to read, write and do maths â€" boy or girl, rich or poor. And then, based on their demonstrated aptitude, they went on to study medicine, astronomy or history.The Aztecs had it all: an elaborate social structure underpinned by complex institutions, housed in a large city that was home to magnificent architecture.This was a society advanced by technology; a society we know of today because of the vast number of codices or books they left behind. These books form a record of their lives.Considering the remarkable progression from nomadic tribe to established civilisation within less than 100 years, isn’t it such a shame that they are mostly remembered for their bloodlust and barbaric sacrifices?It is said that there are six cradles of civilization located around the world, so named because it was there that people, long ago, established how humans will live: in societies with a system of laws and spiritual/religious beliefs.Those people, our ancestors, built ma gnificent structures to honour their gods and leaders, invented and employed technology to establish their legacy: those population centres, large and replete with infrastructure.Not every ancient society is a civilization but all of humanity’s ancestors have made our legacy as rich as it is long... haven't they?

What Are the Different Ways to Paint

What Are the Different Ways to Paint Which Painting Techniques Should You Use? ChaptersPainting with Oil PaintsHow Do You Paint with Acrylics?Learn to Paint with WatercoloursHow Do You Use Pastels?“Paintings have a life of their own that derives from the painter's soul.” - Vincent Van GoghThere are very few people in this world who don’t like music.What about painting?Painting is a great way to unwind during your free time. You can either paint in silence or listen to music while you do it.But which technique should you use? Oil paints? Watercolours?Which paintbrush should you use? Which painters should you copy?If you're an absolute beginner, here’s our guide to the different painting techniques, tricks, and methods!You need to be careful when choosing which paints to use as you need to consider their consistency, whether you need solid colours, translucent paints, subtle colours, or bold strokes, and how they act once they've dried! FernandoPainting Teacher 5.00 (8) £30/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors EmmaPainting Teacher 5.00 (5) £75/h1s t lesson free!Discover all our tutors DavidPainting Teacher 4.75 (4) £40/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors NatashaPainting Teacher 5.00 (7) £37/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors StefaniaPainting Teacher 5.00 (4) £40/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors SakinaPainting Teacher 5.00 (1) £12/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors LorrenPainting Teacher 5.00 (2) £18/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors Off2themoonholliePainting Teacher £8/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutorsPainting with Oil PaintsWhen we think of painting courses, we often think of our classes at school with poster paints and thick sheets of paper.Oil painting is tricky but can have amazing results when done right. (Source: freephotocc)However, very few artists use poster paints since they prefer oil painting techniques.Oil paints were invented in the 15th century by the Van Eyck brothers and oils have been used throughout the ages and are found on a lot of pieces in a lot of museu ms. Artists like Van Gogh, Rembrandt, Braque, Monet, Courbet, Toulouse-Lautrec, and Delacroix all used oils in their work.Oil paints are made from pigments and a drying oil. That said, when we say oil paint dries, we should actually say that it hardens. That’s what makes using it quite complicated.If you want to learn how to paint with oil paints, there are few you’ll need to follow to stop your work from cracking. You need to understand the characteristics of oil paints.One of the most important rules is to wait for a few weeks for each layer of paint to dry. A lot of artists also start with an underpainting. This acts as a foundation for their work.This means it’ll take several sittings to complete a piece. You’ll need to sketch out your ideas with charcoal and start with very thin layers before painting over your artwork with thicker layers later on.  Artists also sometimes add a glaze to their oil painting. Glazing can give you some excellent results in terms of lighting .Waiting so long to fix any mistakes might seem quite mad. However, the artists who don’t follow this rule will end up with a canvas covered in cracks.The surface of the painting will harden quicker than the layers underneath because it’s in contact with the end. This means that over time the upper layer will crack. This is why you can’t immediately paint over a layer.Painting with oils is a technique that can take some time to get used to. You’ll need to learn how it works and the possibilities it offers.You’ll soon see why a lot of artists chose this medium for their masterpieces. With oils, the paint can achieve incredibly realistic tones and transparent effects. Impressionist painters worked out how to create impressive finishes with oil where you could see each tiny brushstroke and where every bristle touched the paint.If you visit an art museum, you're probably going to see plenty of canvases using oils.Find painting classes near me on Superprof.How Do You Paint with Acrylics?Acrylic painting is often chosen by artists because of how easy it is to do and how well the paints work with oil paints, which can sometimes be quite expensive.Acrylics were initially designed for buildings and cars rather than decorative painting in the United States before they made their way into Europe and the UK. Andy Warhol did a lot of acrylic art.You can use acrylics for a variety of different pieces: portrait painting, still lifes, landscapes, etc., anything goes! The techniques are often taught alongside the techniques for using poster paints, Indian ink, dry pastels, charcoal, watercolours, etc.Don't forget to buy the right brushes. (Source: kboom831)Acrylics dry very quickly. This means you can create pieces without having to wait as long as you have had to for an oil painting to dry.Acrylics can be simple to use. However, it’s often impossible to retouch certain colours because they dry so quickly. This means that you can be left with all the brush strokes visible on your easel.It can be useful when studying other artists and copying famous pieces by artists like Van Gogh, Rembrandt, Dali, Picasso, Monet, Manet, etc.Acrylic paint is great for adding texture to your work. While you probably think that you have to paint with brushes, you can paint with a palette knife, giving you wonderful textured results.  In fact, there are plenty of acrylic painting techniques you can use and you can paint on most surfaces.To learn about painting with acrylics, there are a few steps you should follow. You should pay a visit to local art schools, associations, or workshops to get some practice in.You can also get private art tutorials to learn how to use acrylics. You can get tutorials at home, online, whatever you fancy! You can find art tutors on Superprof, of course, as well as through bulletin boards in local businesses.If you prefer working alone, you can teach yourself a bit by watching online video tutorials, practising, and correcting your er rors. However, if you want some good acrylic painting tips, you should get private painting tutorials.However you decide to learn to use acrylics, don’t forget to enjoy yourself when you’re painting! They're great for an abstract painting composition, especially if you're using the impasto technique where you can see each stroke and end up with some fantastic textures. When you're finished, make sure to varnish your paintings to get a bit of gloss out of them.If you want acrylic painting lessons, you should get in touch with a private tutor to help you with a demonstration of how to get the most out of these paints.Learn to Paint with WatercoloursWatercolours are popular amongst travellers and are a medium that’s growing in popularity.  However, this wasn’t always the case. Watercolour paints have been around for ages and were often seen as a way to study art. They were often used to prepare works that would be later painted in oils or acrylics.  Nowadays it’s recognised a nd used as a medium in its own right again.There are often painting lessons for those wanting to do landscape painting (or cityscape), a still life, or portraits in watercolours.Watercolours will often give you pastel tones. (Source: ulleo)Watercolours are different because you’re painting with water, basically, because it's the only thing you add to the pigment. While watercolours are soluble in water, the binder stops the pigments from dissolving in the water.That’s what’s different about watercolours classes. To paint with watercolours, you need a bit of paint and lots of water. The great thing about watercolours is the lack of materials you’ll need. You just need a tub of paints, sheets of paper, and a paintbrush, and you’re ready to go.However, be careful when using watercolours. The paint reacts to the water and means if you put water back on a layer of dry paint, it’ll start mixing with the next layer of paint you’re adding. As a general rule of thumb, start wit h larger lighter areas and build up layers of darker tones and shadows over the top.This is both an advantage and disadvantage of using watercolours as it allows you to touch up your painting whenever you want.To learn the techniques you’ll need to use watercolours, you can get in touch with private tutors or pay a visit to an art school or workshop. Teachers in art schools normally have a good understanding of a variety of styles and mediums. While beginners are often taught to use watercolours, you can get some great results with them.Don’t forget to invest in an art pad to protect all your works from the rain on the way out of class! A bit of water and your painting can be ruined as the paint washes away.How Do You Use Pastels?Pastel painting is one of the less common “painting” techniques. Some consider it a drawing technique while others are happy to consider it a type of painting.You can use pastels both when you’re drawing and when you’re painting. It completely d epends on the type of pastels you’re using.There are different pastels for different tastes. You can use dry pastels (soft pastels or hard pastels) or oil or wax pastels.Some pastels can be used with water while others are better used on their own.What type of pastels should you buy? (Source: stux)Whatever you’re doing, you’re going to have to decide which pastels are the right ones for you. Of course, a private tutor or art teacher could help you decide, too.A good teacher will also help you with other techniques (pencils, charcoal, poster paints, watercolours, sanguine, Indian ink, coloured pencil, markers, etc.) as well as how to use all the different types of pastels.  However, you have to use pastels in layers. This is because pastels won’t mix on a sheet of paper.You need to build up layers to achieve different colours.  The simplest way to improve is by regularly practising at home until you’ve got the hang of how to use them.Pastels are very versatile and can be us ed in a variety of ways. You can use them for sketching out painting ideas, you can use the edges to make bold lines, the side to cover large areas, and blend them with your fingers to create areas of solid opaque or matte colours. However, don't overuse blending as it can very quickly turn defined shapes and shades into a childish looking mess.Practise by copying famous works and images. Some teachers carry a box of postcards for source material. You can use them for inspiration or copy them directly. When it comes to painting for beginners, it always helps to have some source material.If you need help or advice, you should look for teachers or tutors that focus on using pastels. Don't forget that pastels will stain so always keep your works in an art pad so they don't rub against each other.It can take time to master art techniques. You won’t become the next Picasso or De Vinci overnight! While this isn't probably what beginners want to hear, with a bit of instruction from a pro fessional, you'll soon get the hang of applying paint to surfaces and start making decent progress.As the old adage goes, different strokes for different folks so go check out some online art galleries for inspiration. There are also plenty of art videos on YouTube, too!

Past Tense Spanish Preterite Conjugations Verb Endings (Charts)

Past Tense Spanish Preterite Conjugations Verb Endings (Charts) Sign up successful How to Conjugate Verbs in the Spanish Preterite Its important to note that Spanish has two types of past tenses: the preterite and the imperfect.  Here, well start with Spanish preterite conjugations and review the imperfect in a future post. The Spanish preterite tense is a way to express the past, and it breaks down verbs into five different endings. Keep reading to learn how to change a verb into its past tense form. Conjugating -AR  Verbs in the Spanish Preterite Here is an example using the Spanish verb mirar  (to watch). First, shave off the -ar ending. Then If you are referring to Yo  or ‘I,’ add the letter é to end the conjugated verb, forming miré. If you are referring to Tú  or ‘you,’ use the ending aste, to form miraste. If you are referring to él  or ella or ‘he or she,’ use the ending ó  to form miró. If you are referring to nosotros  or ‘we,’ use the ending amos  to form miramos. (This is the same as present tense conjugation!) If you are referring to ellos  or ‘they,’ use the ending aron, to form miraron. SEE ALSO: 46 Spanish Adjectives to Describe All Your Friends Conjugating -ER  Verbs in the Spanish Preterite Now let’s use  comer (to eat), as an example. First, shave off the -er ending. Next If you are referring to Yo  or ‘I, use  the ending í, (instead of é) to form comí. If you are referring to Tú  or ‘you,’ use the ending iste, to form comiste. If you are referring to él  or ella  or ‘he or she,’ use the ending ió, to form comió. If you are referring to nosotros  or ‘we,’ use the ending imos, to form comimos. If you are referring to ellos  or ‘they,’ use the ending ieron, to form comieron. Conjugating  -IR  Verbs in the Spanish Preterite Conjugating  -ir  verbs  shares the same rules as conjugating  -er verbs.  See the following chart as an example. Vivir (to live): Yo viví Tú viviste Él/Ella/Usted vivió Nosotros vivimos Ellas/Ellos/Ustedes vivieron SEE ALSO: 75 Most Helpful Spanish Cognates Ready for some Spanish past tense conjugation practice? Fill out the following chart: 12 Irregular Spanish Preterite Endings There are 12 core verbs in Spanish that have irregular past tense conjugations in the preterite tense. Fortunately their main endings are similar to what we’ve already learned in this post: é, iste, -ó, imos, isteis, ieron/*eron. Here are the 12 verbs, also known as the dirty dozen. Lets conjugate estar as an example: Estar (to be): Yo estuve Tú estuviste Él/Ella/Usted estuvo Nosotros estuvimos Ellas/Ellos/Ustedes estuvieron Now that you know how to conjugate Spanish past tense verbs, youre once step closer to becoming fluent in Spanish! As always, its a great idea to work with a  Spanish tutor  who can help you work through these concepts and provide extra guidance as needed. You can also take online Spanish classes to get even more practice conjugating verbs in everyday conversation. Buena suerte! Post Author: Jason N. Jason N. tutors in English and Spanish in Fairfax, CA.  He majored in Spanish at UC Davis, lived in Mexico for 3 years where he completed a Masters degree in Counseling, and studied Spanish Literature and Psychology at the University of Costa Rica. Learn more about Jason here!   Interested in Private Lessons? Search thousands of teachers for local and live, online lessons. Sign up for convenient, affordable private lessons today! Search for Your Teacher Photo by John Loo

Introverts and extroverts The brain chemistry behind their differences - Introvert Whisperer

Introvert Whisperer / Introverts and extroverts The brain chemistry behind their differences - Introvert Whisperer Introverts and extroverts: The brain chemistry behind their differences Have you ever wondered why some people get excited by thrills and action while others find peace in reading a book, watching a movie or listening to music? Do you know what does it mean to be an introvert or an extrovert, and what makes them different? If you’ve, then you’re one of many because the debate over being an intro or extrovert has been going on for quite some time. Both of these terms are a type of personality and are known as the core traits of an individual. The difference  The terms ‘introverted’ an ‘extroverted’ were coined in the 1920s by Carl Jung, the noted psychologist. While he goes into the details of both these personalities in his journal Psychologische Typen or Psychological types, the main difference between the two is how they interact with the outside world and socialize. While extroverted people get a particular ‘high’ when they interact with others in a noisy environment, introverts often need to ‘recharge’ on their own after attending a party. According to stats, there are almost 50-74% of extroverts in the entire population who are also known as the ‘social butterflies’. On the other hand, the rest of the 16-50% consists of introverts who drive their energy from enjoying some ‘alone time’. Other than social interactions, introverts also take longer to decide, whereas extroverts are more likely to do and then think. Though there are a lot of tiny differences between these two personalities, it is good to remember that no one can be a complete introvert or extrovert. Everyone will have some characteristics of the other nature but will prefer one over the other. This article is going to explore the possible neurological and chemical reasons of why an individual becomes an introvert or an extrovert. However, you must bear in mind that though differences between the brain anatomies of both personalities have been noted, some external contributors, such as the type of people you were surrounded with when you were growing up, also matter. It’s all in the neurotransmitters    According to some research, it all boils down to dopamine, adrenaline, and acetylcholine, the three critical chemicals in our brain. Dopamine, the feel-good chemical, is responsible for your feeling of happiness, while adrenaline is the ‘spark’ that is ignited in situations which are dangerous or otherwise exciting. In the 1960s, Hans Eysenck, a renowned psychologist, believed that extroverts have a lower level of arousal. He theorized that extroverts have more receptors for dopamine in their brain as compared to introverts, and this is why they need more stimulation from the outside world to feel alert and active. On the other hand, introverts become over-stimulated in such a situation because they are sensitive to dopamine. This theory also helped explain why extroverts are often found taking risks and challenges and crave social interaction while introverts can find happiness in taking a stroll in the park. The Journal Frontiers in Human Neuroscience published a study in June 2013 that tested the reward centers of introverts and extroverts. The study, which was conducted by neurobiologists Yu Fu and Richard Depue, recruited 70 male freshmen from the Cornell University and put them through an introversion and extroversion personality test. Once the results were collected, the researchers did a double-blind where some of the subjects took Ritalin, a stimulant that boosts attention through the release of dopamine. Afterwards, all participants were asked to watch videos in a lab. Later, when extroverts where shown the video without taking Ritalin, it was found that just the video acted as a reward and motivation for the extroverts because they had associated the environment and context with the award. However, introverts showed no such association and the drug’s effect didn’t translate into any reward for them. On the other end of the spectrum is acetylcholine, which like dopamine is responsible for making you feel good; but the difference between the two chemicals is that while dopamine sets a ‘fire’, acetylcholine is subtle and makes you feel relaxed and content. In her book Quiet Kids: Help Your Introverted Child Succeed in an Extroverted world, Christine Fonseca explains that introverts prefer acetylcholine over dopamine. While dopamine loves excitement, thrill, outward interaction and the occasional jolt, acetylcholine is released when we turn inwards and engage in low-key and calming activities that are mentally engaging. As a result of this chemical being released in our body, we reflect, think deeply before making a decision and can focus on one thing for a long time. So, if you get brain power by writing or sketching, know that you are an introvert who is led by acetylcholine. The difference in neural pathways and system    Other than the variation in neurochemicals, science has also found a difference between the neural pathways and system of introverts and extroverts. Though there have been tons of research on this subject, one that stands out from the rest is the study conducted in 1999. During this study, conducted by Dr. Debra L. Johnson, researchers measured the cerebral blood flow of each personality with PET or positron emission tomography scans and found stark differences between the two. They found that while the extrovert’s blood flow went through the cingulate gyrus, temporal loves, and posterior thalamus, the introverts experienced more blood flow in their frontal lobes and anterior thalamus, both of which are responsible for problem-solving and memory. These findings are in line with why extroverts are more outwards focused while introverts pay more attention to what they feel inside. Another difference uncovered by Dr. Marti Olsen Laney has to do with the nervous systems of the two personalities. While all our nervous systems have two sides; the sympathetic side and the parasympathetic side, it was observed that extroverts mostly use their sympathetic side. This side, which is also known as the ‘fight, fright or flight’ mode, is activated when your body gets ready for action and dopamine increases at the back of your brain. On the contrary, introverts use their parasympathetic side which is also called the ‘rest and digest’ mode. While the body gets activated through the sympathetic side, the parasympathetic relaxes your muscles, restores your energy and metabolizes your food. Unlike releasing dopamine as is right with the sympathetic side, acetylcholine is released which relaxes you and makes you alert. Other alterations    Dr. Marti Olsen also says that genes may be responsible for the introverted and extroverted personalities in her book The Introvert Advantage. According to her findings, a great deal of research has been done on the D4DR gene, which is known for novelty seeking. In her book, she says that even though no one gene can decide a temperament, the D4DR, which is on the 11th chromosome, is seen to be longer in extroverts than in introverts. Finally, a study conducted by Randy Buckner of Harvard in 2012 discovered that introverts tend to have larger and thicker gray matter in their prefrontal cortex. The prefrontal cortex, which is associated with abstract thought and decision making, doesn’t have as much gray matter in extroverts. The scientist concluded that this might be the reason why introverts relish reading an excellent and thoughtful book that boosts their mental cognition and keeps them fit. The takeaway    The human brain is one of the most complex parts of the body and though a lot of research has been done on extroverts and introverts, a lot more need to be conducted to understand what sets these two personalities apart. For now, the plethora of information that is present is enough to suggest that whether introvert or extrovert, it is essential that you focus on your brain health and give it challenges so it can become stronger. AUTHOR BIO ABOUT Alycia Gordan